The US Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) has posted a request for public comment "regarding their experiences with litigation tactics, especially those involving an attempt to enforce trademark rights beyond a reasonable interpretation of the scope of the rights granted to the trademark owner. The USPTO also is eliciting suggestions to address any allegedly problematic litigation tactics." Comments are due by January 7, 2011 and the details of what to address in the comments can be found in the USPTO's request.
This study is mandated by the Trademark Technical and Conforming Amendment Act of 2010 (see below).
Statutory Background
The Trademark Technical and Conforming Amendment Act of 2010 (Pub. L. No. 111-146) was signed into law on March 17, 2010, and generally addresses technical amendments to the Trademark Act. However, buried at the end of the law (initially proposed as HR 4515 and S 2968), is a provision requiring that the Secretary of Commerce should undertake a study to determine:
- "the extent to which small businesses may be harmed by litigation tactics by corporations attempting to enforce trademark rights beyond a reasonable interpretation of the scope of the rights granted to the trademark owner;" and
- "the best use of Federal Government services to protect trademarks and prevent counterfeiting."
During the debates in the Senate in early March, both Senators Coble and Johnson conceded that Section 4 (where this "study" language appears) needed work, but that the remainder of the Bill was so important that it should pass without amendment to avoid the delay of returning an amended Bill to the House for approval. (For background on legislative procedure and how Bills get enacted, see What Does the House Do? and How Does a Senate Bill Become Law?.)
Senators Coble and Johnson also explained that Senator Leahy (who had proposed S. 2968) had agreed to "improve the language" in a subsequent bill.
SEN. JOHNSON: "However, the bill is not perfect. It includes a study provision regarding alleged trademark lawsuit abuse and small businesses. While we don't want to delay the necessary relief to the trademark owner that this bill will provide by immediate passage of S. 2968, the ranking member and I are committed to working with Senator Leahy to refine the text of this study provision at our soonest opportunity." 111 Cong. Rec. at H1081 (Mar. 3, 2010).
SEN. COBLE: "[T]he legislation includes a study provision that was inserted at the behest of the other body. It directs the Intellectual Property Enforcement Coordinator and the Department of Commerce to evaluate and report on treatment of smaller businesses involved in litigation. Along with Chairman Conyers and the chairman of the subcommittee, the distinguished gentleman from Georgia, I believe the study text could be clarified further. I'm happy to report that Senator Leahy has agreed to work with us on making the necessary minor revisions to improve the language. We intend to move this language at a later date on a different vehicle. We just don't want to delay further consideration of S. 2968 by requiring the other body to pass the bill for a second time." 111 Cong. Rec. at H1081 (Mar. 3, 2010).
Indeed, Senator Leahy introduced an amendment contained within a separate bill, the "Copyright Cleanup, Clarification and Corrections Act of 2010" (S. 3689, proposed on August 2, 2010). This Bill passed the Senate and was referred to the House Budget Committee and the House Judiciary Committee before Congress when on recess. This Bill changes the focuses to "the extent to which small businesses may be harmed by litigation tactics by corporations attempting the purpose of which is to enforce trademark rights beyond a reasonable interpretation of the scope of the rights granted to the trademark owner." (Former language crossed out; new language in bold and italics).While the Congress may return from its current recess after the elections in order to pass a budget or appropriations measure, this Bill may not progress further before the end of the Congressional term. If that is the case, then it would need to be re-proposed in January before it can be adopted.
Comments Requested by the USPTO
In the meantime, in the absence of "improved language," the Department of Commerce (and in particular, the USPTO) is now undertaking this study and has requested public comment, due by January 7, 2011. In particular, the USPTO has requested comment about the following topics:
. . . Although the USPTO would find it most beneficial to receive responses to every item, you may answer all or any portion of the following questions.
1. Please identify whether you are a trademark owner or practitioner, and the general size and nature of your business or trademark practice, including the number of trademark applications and registrations your business has, or your practice handles. Please note that the USPTO will fully consider any comments you submit, even if you choose not to identify yourself in a particular manner.
1. Please identify whether you are a trademark owner or practitioner, and the general size and nature of your business or trademark practice, including the number of trademark applications and registrations your business has, or your practice handles. Please note that the USPTO will fully consider any comments you submit, even if you choose not to identify yourself in a particular manner.
2. In approximately the last 5 years, please describe any instances of which you have first-hand knowledge where a small business may have been the target of litigation tactics attempting to enforce trademark rights beyond a reasonable interpretation of the scope of the rights granted to the trademark owner.
3. Please describe situations where you have been involved in receiving a cease-and-desist letter. Anecdotal information might include, but is not limited to, a description of whether the letter resulted in the small business ceasing its use of one or more marks, or whether the sender of the cease-and-desist letter withdrew or abandoned its demands against the small business owner.
4. Please describe situations where you have been involved in trademark litigation in state or federal courts. Anecdotal information might include, but is not limited to, a description of whether the lawsuit settled on the basis of the small business agreeing to cease its use of one or more marks, or on the basis of the plaintiff withdrawing or abandoning its trademark-related allegation(s). Alternatively, relevant information might include whether such lawsuits resulted in a court judgment and the nature of the judgment (such as requiring the small business to cease its use of one or more marks, assessing monetary liability (damages, lost profits, or attorneys' fees) against the small business, requiring the plaintiff to pay the defendant's attorneys' fees, or imposing sanctions against the plaintiff under Rule 11 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure).
5. Please describe situations where you have been involved in opposition/cancellation proceedings instituted at the USPTO against small business owners. Anecdotal information might include, but is not limited to, a description of whether the proceedings settled on the basis of the small business agreeing to abandon its application(s) for one or more marks, or whether the proceedings settled on the basis of the plaintiff withdrawing or abandoning its notice of opposition or cancellation petition. Alternatively, relevant information might include a description of whether such proceedings resulted in a decision by the USPTO Trademark Trial and Appeal Board ("TTAB") refusing to register/canceling one or more marks owned by the small business, or whether such proceedings resulted in the TTAB imposing sanctions against the plaintiff under Rule 11 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.
6. Do you think trademark "bullies"[1] are currently a problem for trademark owners, and if so, how significant is the problem?
7. Do you think aggressive litigation tactics are more pervasive in the trademark area than in other areas of the law?
8. Do you think the USPTO has a responsibility to do something to discourage or prevent trademark bullying? If yes, what should the USPTO do?
9. Do you think the U.S. courts have a responsibility to do something to discourage trademark bullies? If yes, what should the U.S. courts do?
10. What other U.S. agencies may have a responsibility to do something about the problem?
11. Do you think Congress has a responsibility to do something to discourage or prevent trademark bullying? If yes, what should Congress do?
12. Please provide any other comments you may have.
*****
[1] A trademark "bully" could be described as a trademark owner that uses its trademark rights to harass and intimidate another business beyond what the law might be reasonably interpreted to allow.
4. Please describe situations where you have been involved in trademark litigation in state or federal courts. Anecdotal information might include, but is not limited to, a description of whether the lawsuit settled on the basis of the small business agreeing to cease its use of one or more marks, or on the basis of the plaintiff withdrawing or abandoning its trademark-related allegation(s). Alternatively, relevant information might include whether such lawsuits resulted in a court judgment and the nature of the judgment (such as requiring the small business to cease its use of one or more marks, assessing monetary liability (damages, lost profits, or attorneys' fees) against the small business, requiring the plaintiff to pay the defendant's attorneys' fees, or imposing sanctions against the plaintiff under Rule 11 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure).
5. Please describe situations where you have been involved in opposition/cancellation proceedings instituted at the USPTO against small business owners. Anecdotal information might include, but is not limited to, a description of whether the proceedings settled on the basis of the small business agreeing to abandon its application(s) for one or more marks, or whether the proceedings settled on the basis of the plaintiff withdrawing or abandoning its notice of opposition or cancellation petition. Alternatively, relevant information might include a description of whether such proceedings resulted in a decision by the USPTO Trademark Trial and Appeal Board ("TTAB") refusing to register/canceling one or more marks owned by the small business, or whether such proceedings resulted in the TTAB imposing sanctions against the plaintiff under Rule 11 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.
6. Do you think trademark "bullies"[1] are currently a problem for trademark owners, and if so, how significant is the problem?
7. Do you think aggressive litigation tactics are more pervasive in the trademark area than in other areas of the law?
8. Do you think the USPTO has a responsibility to do something to discourage or prevent trademark bullying? If yes, what should the USPTO do?
9. Do you think the U.S. courts have a responsibility to do something to discourage trademark bullies? If yes, what should the U.S. courts do?
10. What other U.S. agencies may have a responsibility to do something about the problem?
11. Do you think Congress has a responsibility to do something to discourage or prevent trademark bullying? If yes, what should Congress do?
12. Please provide any other comments you may have.
*****
[1] A trademark "bully" could be described as a trademark owner that uses its trademark rights to harass and intimidate another business beyond what the law might be reasonably interpreted to allow.
Note that this study still contemplates a focus on small businesses and promises to examine whether they are disproportionately affected by trademark owners' enforcement activities. If the USPTO posts any of the comments it receives, I'll try to post updates here for anything of particular interest.
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