On March 22, 2011, the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York issued its long-awaited opinion on whether to approve the settlement tentatively entered into between the Authors' Guild and Google regarding its GoogleBooks program. In short, the Court rejected the settlement.
Reviewing the docket confirms that this case has indeed been relatively quiet since the February 18, 2010 hearing on the proposed settlement. Shortly thereafter, some modifications were made to the cash payment system terms, but otherwise, the Court did not issue any final ruling to approve or reject the proposed settlement.
In its Opinion, the Court announced, "The question presented is whether the ASA [Amended Settlement Agreement] is fair, adequate, and reasonable. I conclude that it is not." Opinion at 1. The Court explained,
"While the digitization of books and the creation of a universal digital library would benefit many, the ASA would simply go too far. It would permit this class action . . . to implement a forward-looking business arrangement that would grant Google significant rights to exploit entire books, without permission of the copyright owners. Indeed, the ASA would give Google a significant advantage over competitors, rewarding it for engaging in wholesale copying of copyrighted works without permission, while releasing claims well beyond those presented in the case."
In its analysis, the Court outlined seven categories of objections to the ASA: 1) adequacy of class notice; 2) adequacy of class representation; 3) scope of relief under Rule 23; 4) copyright concerns; 5) antitrust concerns; 6) privacy concerns; and 7) international law concerns. Id. at 10-13. It handled each category in turn.
Adequacy of Representation
As to adequacy of representation, Judge Chen pointed out repeatedly (Opinion at 10, 19) that over 6800 class members have opted out to date from participation in the proposed settlement, an "extremely high number." He concluded that "there is a substantial question as to the existence of antagonistic interests between named plaintiffs and certain members of the class," a prong in the analysis that must be met in order to comply with Rule 23 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. He agreed that counsel was sufficiently qualified to represent the class, but concluded that the differences between the various competing interests within the class was "troubling." Id. at 21.
ASA Exceeded Scope of Rule 23 Remedy
As to whether the settlement exceeds "the scope of what the Court may permit under Rule 23," Judge Chen concluded that it would. The exact language of the Opinion is worth reciting in explanation here:
"This case was brought to challenge Google's use of 'snippets,' as plaintiffs alleged that Google's scanning of books and display of snippets for online searching constituted copyright infringement. Google defended by arguing that it was permitted by the fair use doctrine to make available small portions of such works in response to search requests. There was no allegation that Google was making full books available online, and the case was not about full access to copyrighted works. The case was about the use of an indexing and searching tool, not the sale of complete copyrighted work."
Id. at 24-25 (emphasis added).
The Opinion explains further, "Google did not scan the books to make them available for purchase, and, indeed, Google would have no colorable defense to a claim of infringement based on the unauthorized copyright and selling or other exploitation of entire copyrighted books." Id. at 26. Thus, the ASA, which created a structure by which revenues from sales of full copies of copyrighted works would be shared with the appropriate rightsholders, goes far beyond what the parties litigated and the scope of relief that the Court has the ability to approve.
The Court did not leave the parties without a remedy. Instead, it merely concluded that a Court-approved settlement between these two parties (to cover this broad set of class members) was not the proper vehicle to address this kind of forward-looking relationship; Congress is. Id. at 22-24. For instance, "[t]he questions of who should be entrusted with guardianship over orphan books, under what terms, and with what safeguards are matters more appropriately decided by Congress than through an agreement among private, self-interested parties." Id. at 23.
The Court criticized Google's method of reaching the costly investment that it has clearly made in this process, and concluding that it need not countenance Google's activities:
"Yet, the ASA would grant Google the right to sell full access to copyrighted works that it otherwise would have no right to exploit. . . . The ASA would grant Google control over the digital commercialization of millions of books, including orphan books and other unclaimed works. . . . And it would do so even though Google engaged in wholesale, blatant copying, without first obtaining copyright permissions. While its competitors went through the 'painstaking' and 'costly' process of obtaining permissions before scanning copyrighted books, Google by comparison took a shortcut by copying anything and everything regardless of copyright status. . . . As one objector put it: 'Google pursued its copyright project in calculated disregard of authors' rights. Its business plan was: "So sue me".' "
Settlement Applies to Future Rights
The Court also concluded that while it is common for certain class members to opt out of participating in a settlement, this case is unique in that not only does the settlement release claims against Google for past behavior, class members here "would be giving up certain property rights in their creative works, and they would be deemed – by their silence – to have granted Google a license to future use of their copyrighted works." Id. at 30. Such a mandated transfer of exclusive copyright rights is unwarranted.
Opt-Out Structure Unsound
In various places in the opinion, the Court pointed out that "opting out" is not the right structure for an agreement with such a broad application. "[I]t is incongruous with the purpose of the copyright laws to place the onus on copyright owners to come forward to protect their rights when Google copied their works without first seeking their permission." Id. at 35 (footnote omitted).
ASA Raises Antitrust Problems
Judge Chen concluded that the ASA would indeed grant Google a monopoly over unclaimed works, and agreed with the argument made by counsel for the Internet Archive: "the ASA would give Google a right, which no one else in the world would have, . . . to digitize works with impunity, without any risk of statutory liability, for something like 150 years." Id. at 36-37. The Opinion gives other examples of potential anti-competitive benefits that Google would obtain if this settlement were to have been approved.
Privacy Concerns
While the Court acknowledged that the privacy concerns outlined by various objectors to the settlement were "real," Judge Chen concluded that they were not a sufficient basis on their own to reject the proposed settlement. Id. at 39. As a result, the objections are not summarized here.
International Objections
The Opinion also discusses the objections raised by various international stakeholders, such as authors, publishers, foreign governments, and other associations, and concludes that these objections highlight precisely why creating such a forward-thinking framework should be left for Congress. Id. at 45. For example, Germany argued, "Courts and class action settlements are not the proper province for creating a cutting edge copyright . . . framework to bind future generations of digital libraries." Id. at 44 (ECF No. 852 at 11).
Conclusion
This blog post only discusses certain highlights from the Court's opinion, but the importance and complexity of this debate cannot be understated. Various competing interests are triggered that belie any "easy" or "all encompassing" solution, such as:
- The interests of the public in having full access to as much information as possible in our digital world;
- The interests of academic authors who want to "maximize access to knowledge" (Opinion at 28-29)
- The interests of authors of older works still protected by copyright law, who may want to see a resurgence of interest in their works, but print copies may be off the market or the publisher can no longer be located to negotiate additional distribution rights;
- The rights of authors and publishers of newer works to control how their works are distributed; and
- Google's interest in recovering some part of its massive investment in enabling digital access to contents of the world's libraries.
While ultimately rejecting the ASA as "not fair, adequate and reasonable," Judge Chen suggested that as many "objectors have noted, many of the concerns raised in the objections would be ameliorated if the ASA were converted from an 'opt-out' settlement to an 'opt-in' settlement. . . . I urge the parties to consider revising the ASA accordingly." Id. at 46.
An opt-in structure may have its own problems, however, as highlighted by the initial comments posted only to the March 23 Wall Street Journal article on the rejection of the settlement. Efrati, Amir and Jeffrey A. Trachtenberg, Judge Rejects Google Books Settlement, Wall Street Journal, March 23, 2011 (this may only be available to paid subscribers). Note that the article contains a survey to solicit views of whether an "opt-in" or "opt-out" structure should be used. Once you vote, you can see the results. There's also a video explaining some of the concerns, which suggests that this opinion has dealt a "blow" to Google and that it remains to be seen what a future settlement agreement might look like.
Prior posts about the Google Book Settlement can be found here.
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